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1. Introduction

I will give, as introduction, a vista from some passages of Gotthard Günther's works, where he draws up a grand cultural morphological perspective, reminiscent of the "Objektive Geist" of Hegel, and of the vistas presented by Spengler, continuing these thought systems in the tradition of Goethe's morphology.

Günther (1978: 114): Die Bewußtseinsgeschichte des Abendlandes und der weltgeschichtlichen Epoche, der Europa angehört, ist zu Ende. Das zweiwertige Denken hat alle seine inneren Möglichkeiten erschöpft, und dort wo sich bereits neue spirituelle Grundstellungen zu entwickeln beginnen, werden sie gewaltsam in dem alten längst zu eng gewordenen klassischen Schema interpretiert. Man kann eben eine alte Logik nicht ablegen wie ein fadenscheinig gewordenes Kleid. Der Übergang von der klassisch-Aristotelischen Gestalt des Denkens zu einer neuen und umfassenderen theoretischen Bewußtseinslage erfordert eine seelische Metamorphose [1] des gesamten Menschen. Einer nicht-Aristotelischen Logik muß ein trans-Aristotelischer Menschentypus entsprechen und dem letzteren wieder eine neue Dimension menschlicher Geschichte.
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The spiritual history of the Occident and the world historical epoch to which Europe belongs, is over. The two-valued thought has exhausted all its inner potential, and where a development of buds of new spiritual frameworks is happening, it is forcefully interpreted in the old and over-rigid classical schema. One cannot take off an old logic, like one removes a worn out garment. The transition from the classical-Aristotelian form of thought to a new and more comprehensive theoretical condition of consciousness necessitates a spiritual metamorphosis of the whole human being. Corresponding to a non-Aristotelian logic, there must be a trans-Aristotelian Type of human, and corresponding to this, a new dimension of human history. (AG translation)

Günther (1980: 15): Die Antike ist nicht der Anfang der klassischen Bewußtseinsverfassung des menschlichen Ichs, sondern der Abschluß und die geistige Liquidation einer welthistorischen Epoche von solchem Ausmaß, daß neben ihr die etwa zweiundeinhalbtausend Jahre zwischen Thales und uns Heutigen nur als kurzes und flüchtiges Zwischenspiel vor dem endgültigen Beginn der nächsten großen universalgeschichtlichen Periode erscheinen.
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The classical Antiquity is not the beginning of the classical condition of the human I-consciousness, but the closure and spiritual liquidation of a world historical epoch of such an immense extent, that those about 2500 years between Thales and our present time appear merely as a short and evanescent interlude befor the final begin of the next universal macro-history epoch [2]. (AG translation)

Günther (1976: xi): Worum es sich hier handelt, ist folgendes: die klassisch-zweiwertige Rationalität, unser kostbares Erbe von den Griechen, ist die Rationalität des menschlichen Bewußtseins. So denkt der Mensch in seinen natürlichen, entspannten Gehirnfunktionen. Die hier möglichen Denkvollzüge kommen "von selbst"... In einem sich auf dieser Grundlagen entwickelnden Weltbild begreift der Mensch sein eigenes vernünftiges Wesen. Das ist entwicklungsgeschichtlich erst einmal notwendig. Und solange diese Bewußtseinshaltung nicht - wie in der klassischen Metaphysik - mit Absolutheits- und Finalitätsansprüchen auftritt, ist sie voll zu bejahen. Der Übergang zum Nicht-Aristotelischen schließt eine Selbstentthronung des Menschen ein.

Günther (1976: xii): Sie impliziert, daß der Mensch keineswegs die spirituelle Krone der Schöpfung ist und daß jenseits seiner Existenz noch ungeahnte Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten jenes rätselhaften Phänomens liegen, das wir Leben nennen. Die bisherige Tradition hat sie in den Mythos vom "Ewigen Leben" zusammengefaßt und dadurch aus der wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung ausgeschlossen...
Das Universum "denkt" in aristotelischen Kategorien nur dort, wo es sich um Totes handelt. Es ist der Tod, den der Mensch in sich fühlt und dem er nicht entfliehen kann, es sei denn, er gibt sich selbst auf...

A discussion of the assumption that Günther makes in the above passage would involve a demonstration that the human thought processes that he refers to: "denkt der Mensch in seinen natürlichen, entspannten Gehirnfunktionen", are not dictated by natural necessities [3], but by a cultural formation that had taken many millennia to concresce, and that is so habitual that it is almost impossible to imagine any other possibility. As will be shown further down (PRATITYA_SAMUTPADA), the relation-process concept of the Paticca Samuppada of Buddhist philosophy presents such an "alternative" world view.

Günther (1976: xiii): Es ist die Überzeugung des Verfassers, daß eine neue Groß-Epoche der Philosophie in Vorbereitung ist, die von der Voraussetzung ausgeht, daß der Gegensatz Idealismus und Materialismus philosophisch irrelevant geworden ist. D.h. die neue Philosophie ... wird ... die Legitimität jener Urfragen negieren, aus denen alles philosophische Leben bisher erwachsen ist.
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It is the conviction of the author that a new macro epoch of philosophy is in the making, which is based on the presupposition that the opposition of idealism and materialism has become philosophically irrelevant. I.e. that the new philosophy ... will ... negate the legitimacy of all those fundamental questions from which philosophical life has formerly been derived. (AG translation)

Günther (1976: xiv-xv): Es ist trivial und selbstverständlich, daß jener Reflexionsprozess, den wir Geschichte nennen, uns allein durch das menschliche Bewußtsein zur Erkenntnis kommt. Aber daraus zu schließen, daß die Geschichte schon in ihren elementarsten Grundlagen menschliche Züge trägt und eben Geschichte des Menschen und nichts weiter ist, zeugt von einem Lokalpatriotismus des menschlichen Gehirns, der nicht mehr zu übertreffen ist. ... eine transklassische Logik ist eine Logik des geschichtlichen Prozesses, in dem das Subjekt der Geschichte Leben überhaupt ist und nicht die ephemere und zufällige Gestalt, die dasselbe im Menschen angenommen hat. Das tote Sein, dessen Logik uns die aristotelische Tradition gegeben hat, hat keine Geschichte. Deshalb haben wir heute eine Technik, die jenes schon von Mythologemen befreite Denkbare ins Machbare übergeführt hat. Und deshalb stehen wir historischen Prozessen heute noch genauso hilflos gegenüber wie vor 10.000 Jahren [4].

Günther (1976: xv): Es geht gegen alle Instinkte einzusehen, daß die Geistesgeschichte nicht mit dem Menschen beginnt - er ist nur das vorläufig allerletzte Reflexionsphänomen - sie beginnt vielmehr in jenem Urereignis, in dem Leben aus dem Toten zu sprossen begann. Darum scheidet der auch heute noch sehr unterschätzte Schelling zwischen einer Urgeschichte und dem, was unser Vordergrundinteresse Geschichte nennt.
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It is against all instincts to presume that the history of the mind has its beginning with the hman - he is only the preliminarily ultimate reflexion phenomenon - rather, it starts with that primordial happening when life budded from amongst the lifeless. It is for this reason that the still much undervalued Schelling makes a sharp distinction between an archae-history, and what our superficial interest calls history. (AG translation)

Günther (1979, p. 184): Um einen neuen, echten Formalismus an die Stelle eines alten zu setzen, muß man vorerst ein neues ontologisches Wirklichkeitsbild besitzen. Die Formalisierung eines solchen Wirklichkeitsbildes gibt dann automatisch eine neue Logik als sekundäres Derivat. Der umgekehrte Weg ist nicht möglich."
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"To put a new, true formalism in place of an old one, one has to first have a new ontological world model. The formalization of such a world model results in a new logics as secondary derivation. The reverse approach is not possible". (AG translation)

In this passage, Gotthard Günther speaks of a "new ontological world model" that one needs to have before one can arrive at a new formalism. Yet in all his works, Günther still tries to derive his new construct from the traditional dualistic Aristotelian view of an ontic reality that occupies the (one-and-only) positive logical value and allows only a negative subjective reflection of that primary ontic reality. With the present work I seek to break with that limitation and to construct a fundamental multi-valued ontology based a priori on the triadic principle. The salient issue of the present work is the "reality of society" or the "reality of the historical process", and the dimension in which that reality may be positioned. We may also call this an inversion of the original approach of Gotthard Günther, who sought to construct a logical place system of several types of negation, and I am positioning here several types of position, ie. several possible positive values. This bears, as I believe, a connection to Heidegger 's work "Sein und Zeit" (1977). Because the only dimension that any "alternate reality" may have, is temporal [5], and Gotthard Günther states this in many ways throughout his works. (See also the following quotations). But Günther also expresses the view that Heidegger's approach is highly problematic in the context of his work, and because the material presented here is already very large and involved, I have decided not to enlarge here on the discussion of the parallels to Heidegger's work.

Wiener (1982: 161-162): That system which more than all others should contribute to social homeostasis is thrown directly into the hands of those most concerned in the game of power and money, which we have already seen to be one of the chief anti-homeostatic elements in the community. It is no wonder then that the larger communities, subject to this disruptive influence, contain far less communally available information than the smaller communities, to say nothing of the human elements of which all communities are built up. Like the wolf pack, although let us hope to a lesser extent, the State is stupider than most of its components...
They are certain that our control over our material environment has far outgrown our control over our social environment and our understanding thereof.

As Norbert Wiener states it, the success of the positivistic and materialistic "natural" sciences [6] has created a gross imbalance of (presently non-existant) societal control of the techno-capitalistic historical process. When Wiener wrote "Cybernetics" in 1948, the explosive influence of autonomous technological machinery was just barely discernible for such visionary spirits as he and Gotthard Günther were. (Whose book "Das Bewußtsein der Maschinen" (1957) could be positioned on the same level as Wiener's work, even though it is much less known). Presently, 50 years, and one human lifetime, later, we witness a general global breakdown of the social fabric that has been brought about by the unchecked expansion of computerized world techno-capitalism. The main problem is that apparently no-one of those who are riding this wave of "power and money" (Wiener , above), nor of those who are being swept away by it (Forrester 1997), have any useful conceptual tool for understanding the run-away process that is now engulfing this planet with the force and momentum of a tidal wave. The exclusive attention of Western science and technology on the positivistic Aristotelian world model brings about a complete oblivion of the dynamics of the socio-technological processes that are driving the global system in its present techno-capitalistic framework.

The categories of the Aristotelian system don't allow for an ontological place of the societal processes, as the sole ontological (positive) place is positioned on the static and dead material, physical element, that is falsely and misleadingly called "nature" by positivistic, materialistic "natural" science, because Nature, as I understand it, in the Goethean sense, is neither dead nor static. By the static materialistic position, the dynamic life aspect of nature is exorcised, and consequently, all our technological and commercial enterprises turn out to be "merchant ventures of dealing in death". As Goethe described it so succinctly in his Faust (1972: 1936-1939):
Wer will was Lebendigs erkennen und beschreiben,
Sucht erst den Geist heraus zu treiben,
Dann hat er die Teile in seiner Hand,
Fehlt leider! nur das geistige Band.

In the present work, I seek to trace the legacy of Goethe's morphology through various schools of thought, focusing on the cultural morphology as it was formulated by Leo Frobenius, Ruth Benedict, Oswald Spengler, and Gotthard Günther. This I seek to continue here, under consideration of those approaches derived from natural sciences, namely biology and general systems theory (Whitehead, Bertalanffy, Laszlo, Maturana, Varela), which may be called crypto-morphological, since they don't overtly use the term, even though their lineage of thought can be traced back to Goethe's ideas. These various approaches can be brought into a unified focus of vision (a Gestalt) by (hypothetically) applying the (as yet not formally existent [7]) logics of history, as a logics of pattern, and of cognition, that has been formulated in the psychological Gestalt schools and the constructivist and autopoietic schools in the range of Maturana, Glasersfeld, and Luhmann.


[1] This is also called meta-noia in the present context.
[2] In the Indian Vedic context, those grand epochs are called "Yuga". The current epoch is the Kali Yuga. Thompson, Vedic Cosmography, 19: the astronomical date of the beginning of the Kali Yuga, set exactly "at midnight on the meridian of Ujjan in India on February 18, 3102 B.C.".
[3] Also called the ratiomorphic apparatus of cognition RMA according to Riedl and Brunsvik.
[4] See also the reference to Wiener above.
[5] If it is not to be altogether mystical and esoteric
[6] Or more correctly, the technological and capitalist power complexes that apply scientific methods and rely on the natural science training system in the universities for staffing their research and production organizations.
[7] Hegel's attempt as the hitherto most comprehensive approach to be rejected on formal grounds, as discussed by Günther in his works.

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